Modern Didactic Text in Russian: Mechanisms of Perception and Principles of Construction

The article is devoted to the study of cognitive mechanisms of perception of textual information: stages and peculiarities of its intellectual processing and its understanding and internalization in the light of the activity-based theory of cognition. The author analyzes the existing approaches to the definition of the essence of the modern didactic text, which is not to focus on memorizing concepts, but on the development of independence and creative attitude to learning. This requires a fundamentally new approach to the structure of the textbook as a whole and its individual sections (themes) in particular, taking into account the psychological laws of information acquisition and specific features of formation of cognitive and metacognitive operations of the child. Special attention is given to psycholinguistic methods and techniques of identification of the nature of reception of the didactic text in the unity of its formal and content parameters. The article poses a postulate about the need to take into consideration these mechanisms in the process of design (development) of a didactic text in Russian for students of secondary general education institutions. The didactic text is analyzed from two angles: 1) from the standpoint of the person reading (listening to) the text and modeling the image of the content of the text perceived in their mind; 2) from the standpoint of the author of the text. The article contains experimental data, which make it possible to identify the factors that determine the nature of perception of the didactic text. The author concentrates her attention on individual psychological differences of information perception both via verbal and non-verbal codes and specificity of acquisition of information presented in different ways (in particular, by way of algorithms or equivalents). The author’s analysis of typical exercises and tasks (including after-reading tasks), which can be found in modern textbooks of the Russian language, in terms of their cognitive “comfort” and efficiency for children with different lateral profiles is methodologically important. The study reveals the factors facilitating perception and understanding of the learning material or hindering these processes. The research results include a practical guide for teachers-philologists, specialists in methods, and psycholinguists regarding the form and the content of didactic texts (including game-based ones) for teaching Russian.Статья посвящена исследованию когнитивных механизмов восприятия текстовой ин- формации: этапам и особенностям ее интеллектуальной обработки, осмысления и интериоризации в свете деятельностной теории познания. Автором анализируются существующие подходы к определению сути современного учебного текста, который должен быть ориентирован не на заучивание понятий, а на развитие самостоятельности, творческого отношения к учению. Это требует принципиально нового подхода к конструированию структуры как учебника в целом, так и отдельных его разделов (тем) с учетом психологических закономерностей овладения информацией, особенностей формирования у ребенка когнитивных и метакогнитивных операций. Особое внимание при этом уделяется психолингвистическим методам и методикам выявления характера рецепции учебного текста в единстве его формальных и содержательных параметров. Выдвигается постулат о необходимости учета этих механизмов в процессе разработки (конструирования) учебного текста по русскому языку для обучающихся средних общеобразовательных учреждений. Учебный текст анализируется в двух аспектах: 1) с позиций человека читающего (слушающего) и моделирующего в своем сознании образ содержания воспринимаемого текста; 2) с позиций разработчика, конструирующего учебный текст. Приводятся экспериментальные данные, позволяющие выявить факторы, определяющие характер восприятия учебного текста. Акцентируется внимание на индивидуально-психологических различиях восприятия информации, представленной как вербальным, так и невербальным кодами; специфике усвоения информации, предъявляемой различными способами (в частности, алгоритмами или аналогами). Методологически важным является представленный в статье анализ типовых упражнений и заданий (в том числе притекстовых), содержащихся в современных школьных учебниках по русскому языку, в аспекте их когнитивной «комфортности» и продуктивности для детей с разными латеральными профилями. Выявляются факторы, способствующие восприятию и пониманию учебной информации или затрудняющие эти процессы. В качестве результатов анализа материала предлагаются практические рекомендации для учителей-словесников, методистов, психолингвистов относительно формы и содержания учебного текста (в том числе игрового) по русскому языку

Creative syncretism of speech genres threats and appeasement in sacred texts of traditional folk culture

The article analyzes the texts of archaic folk culture (spells, incantations, incantations, divination), which are considered as a set of cultural codes of sacred communication, not limited to verbal components. Explores the nature of speech genres of threat and appeasement which, in the analyzed texts that embody a conditional set of real and imaginary, deshow existing in the popular mind the strategy of interaction with the unreal world. The analysis allows us to speak of a "creative syncretism" of techniques for creating a suggestive effect of the described cultural texts, which have the same structure, common presuppositions and a set of language tools for different intentions. The structure of the suggestive mental scenario of texts, which correlates with the features of mythological thinking, is determined.В статье анализируются тексты архаической народной культуры (заговоры, заклинания, заклички), которые рассматриваются в совокупности культурных кодов сакральной коммуникации, не ограниченной вербальной составляющей. Выявляется специфика речевых жанров угрозы и задабривания, которые в рамках анализируемых текстов, воплощающих условный комплекс реального и воображаемого, демонстрируют существующие в народном сознании стратегии взаимодействия с нереальным миром. Анализ позволяет говорить о «креативном синкретизме» приемов создания суггестивного эффекта описываемых культурных текстов. Они имеют одинаковую структуру и общие пресуппозиции при разных интенциях участников сакральной коммуникации и наборах языковых средств. Определена структура суггестивного ментального сценария текстов, которая соотносится с особенностями мифологического мышления

ЗДОРОВЫЙ ОБРАЗ ЖИЗНИ В ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОМ ПРОЦЕССЕ

The article deals with the concept of a healthy lifestyle in the educational process. Forms of implementation of a healthy lifestyle are carrying out activities for its formation in the youth environment: educational, diagnostic, gaming, reproductive. The article presents a program for the formation of a healthy lifestyle in the educational environment with the help of various techniques and techniques. The task of forming a healthy lifestyle is to create a program that reflects the main aspects of the direction of awareness and adoption of a healthy lifestyle by young people as part of their social activity.В статье рассматривается понятие здорового образа жизни в рамках образовательного процесса. Одной из форм реализации является проведение мероприятий по его формированию в молодежной среде. В статье представлена программа по формированию здорового образа жизни в образовательной среде при помощи различных техник и методик. Задачей формирования здорового образа жизни является создание программы, отражающей основные аспекты, направленные на осознание и принятие молодежью здорового образа жизни как части своей социальной активности

The professional transspective of the students in the conflicting realities of the post-industrial society

The topicality of the issue under investigation is determined by the rising demand of the Russian society in the mastering and controlling conflicting realities that are capable of changing the integral notional structure of an individual, leading to the evolution or degradation of such individual’s social and professional life activity. The purpose of the article is to identify the professional positions and views of the modern students in conditions of affecting their internalities, motives, and values of the conflicting realities, defining methods of negotiation of the latter. The leading methods of the research of this problem are the art technology that consists of the representation of the personal professional path in future, the postpictural interview, the questionnaire method, qualitative data analysis, allowing to identify the features of the professional transspective of the students in the conflicting realities. The following results have been achieved: the analysis of the professional transspective of the students, whose self-realization occurs in the post-industrial society, was provided, the reasons (conflicting realities) of the obtained data were found, the methods to overcome the impact of the conflicting realities on the personality were proposed. The research materials may be useful for the psychologists of the professional education, the teachers of the vocational training in the organization of accompaniment and rendering assistance in the professional self-realization of young people in realities of the post-industrial society. © 2016 Zinnatova, Konovalova and Makarova

Письмові навички при вивченні англійської мови як іноземної. Теоретичні перспективи

Ця стаття присвячена проблемам, пов’язаним з навчанням навичкам письма. Основною метою статті є аспекти дискурсу, а також розглядається ефективність повідомлень, мовних стратегій і ресурсів. Крім того, запропоновано завдання і методи проведення занять, які можуть надати новизни практиці письмових класних занять і зробити свій внесок у розвиток і зміцнення індивідуальних і соціальних ідентичностей студентів через функціонально орієнтовані тексти. (This article is devoted to some problems referred to teaching writing skills. The objective of the article is to highlight the discourse dimension, the effectiveness of the message as a whole, the linguistic strategies and resources. Moreover, the tasks proposed may provide an invigorating effect on classroom writing practices and contribute to the development and reinforcement of the students’ individual and social identities through functionally oriented texts.

The 2011 October Draconids Outburst. II. Meteoroid Chemical Abundances from Fireball Spectroscopy

On October 8, 2011 the Earth crossed dust trails ejected from comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner in the late 19th and early 20th Century. This gave rise to an outburst in the activity of the October Draconid meteor shower, and an international team was organized to analyze this event. The SPanish Meteor Network (SPMN) joined this initiative and recorded the October Draconids by means of low light level CCD cameras. In addition, spectroscopic observations were carried out. Tens of multi-station meteor trails were recorded, including an extraordinarily bright October Draconid fireball (absolute mag. -10.5) that was simultaneously imaged from three SPMN meteor ob-serving stations located in Andalusia. Its spectrum was obtained, showing a clear evolution in the relative intensity of emission lines as the fireball penetrated deeper into the atmosphere. Here we focus on the analysis of this remarkable spectrum, but also discuss the atmospheric trajectory, atmospheric penetration, and orbital data computed for this bolide which was probably released during 21P/Giacobini-Zinner return to perihelion in 1907. The spectrum is discussed together with the tensile strength for the October Draconid meteoroids. The chemical profile evolution of the main rocky elements for this extremely bright bolide is compared with the elemental abundances obtained for 5 October Draconid fireballs also recorded during our spectroscopic campaign but observed only at a single station. Significant chemical heterogeneity between the small meteoroids is found as we should expect for cometary aggregates being formed by diverse dust components.Comment: Manuscript in press in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Accepted for publication in MNRAS on April 28th, 2013 Manuscript Pages: 28 Tables: 5 Figures: 12. Manuscript associated: "The 2011 October Draconids outburst. I. Orbital elements, meteoroid fluxes and 21P/Giacobini-Zinner delivered mass to Earth" by Trigo-Rodriguez et al. is also in press in the same journa

The Trajectory, Orbit and Preliminary Fall Data of the JUNE BOOTID Superbolide of July 23, 2008

The results of the atmospheric trajectory, radiant, orbit and preliminary fall data calculations of an extremely bright slow-moving fireball are presented. The fireball had a -20.7 maximum absolute magnitude and the spectacular long-persistence dust trail (Fig 1 and 2) was observed in a widespread region of Tajikistan twenty eight minutes after sunset, precisely at 14h 45m 25s UT on July 23, 2008. The bolide was first recorded at a height of 38.2 km, and attained its maximum brightness at a height of 35.0 km and finished at a height of 19.6 km. These values are very much in line with other well-known fireballs producing meteorites. The first break-up must have occurred under an aerodynamic pressure Pdyn of about 1.5 MPa, similar to those derived from the study of atmospheric break-ups of previously reported meteorite-dropping bolides. Our trajectory, and dynamic results suggest that one might well expect to find meteorites on the ground in this case. The heliocentric orbit of the meteoroid determined from the observations is very similar to the mean orbit of the June Bootid meteor shower, whose parental comet is 7P/Pons-Winnecke (Lindblad et al. 2003). If the parent was indeed a comet, this has implications for the internal structure of comets, and for the survivability of cometary meteorites

Problems of research of speech activities of bilingual students in the context of contemporary linguistic situation

Situation of bilinguism is discussed on the basis of people speaking both Armenian (native for the person or his/her ancestors) and Russian. One of the languages is, as a rule, dominating in the mind of the bilingual person, it “forces out” the second, though the ideal situation may occur when both languages are equal, their usage is accompanied by meta-language reflection on both of them, their differences and similarities.Рассматривается ситуация билингвизма на примере людей, владеющих как армянским (родным для себя или предков), так и русским языками. Демонстрируется, что, как правило, один из языков в сознании билингва является доминирующим, «вытесняет» другой, хотя наблюдается и ситуация, признаваемая идеальной, – равное владение обоими языками, сопровождающееся метаязыковой рефлексией по поводу каждого из них, их сходства и различия

Realization of potential of enterprise structure development as the criterion of ensuring the object-differentiated approach to rendering the state support : the Russian Federation

The objective of the research. Undertaken in the conditions of an economic crisis and sanctions restrictions the attempts of system optimization of business activity state regulation in Russia still don't contribute to increase in business sector efficiency and to full accomplishment of all assigned social and economic functions. In the article the author rationalizes the point, assuming that in the basis of state regulation system the implementation level of entrepreneurial structure capacity, as the most adequate criterion of rendering the state support of business activity, which besides shall carry an object-differentiated nature, shall be laid. Short description of methodology. In the article authors offer an original interpretation of the concept "potential of enterprise structure development" and a method to calculate an indicator "the realization level of potential of enterprise structure development" as key criterion at realizing an object-differentiated approach to rendering the state support of enterprise structures. Compilation of the most important research results and their significance. In the article based on the formed differentiation criteria of measures of the state support of entrepreneurial structures authors offer the measures system differentiated on the bases of the implementation level of potential of entrepreneurial structures development and the importance of this structure in strategic priorities system of territorial development on preferential creation of institutional conditions for an entrepreneurship development; on internal capacity development of entrepreneurial structures; on direct support of business activity.peer-reviewe